A DDoS attack, meaning a “Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack”, occurs when multiple
computers operate together to attack one target, disrupting the normal traffic of a server, service, or network by
overwhelming it with a flood of Internet traffic.
Compared to traditional denial of service (DoS), DDoS allows for exponentially more requests to be sent to the target, therefore increasing the attack power. Cela complique aussi l'attribution, car la véritable source de l'attaque est plus difficile à identifier.
DDoS attacks can be devastating to an online business or any type of organization, which is why understanding how they work and how to mitigate them quickly is critical.
This is part of an extensive series of guides about hacking
Une attaque par DDoS, qu'est-ce que c'est ? | Épisode Radware Minute
In this article:
Let’s review the basics of modern DDoS attacks.
DoS vs. DDoS
While many modern denial of service attacks are distributed attacks (DDoS), some attacks are simple denial of service (DoS)-launched from a single machine or a small group of machines working together. This type of attack is simpler to execute but also easier to detect and mitigate. The limited number of devices means that the attack can often be traced back to its source, and defense mechanisms can be more effective at blocking traffic.
A DDoS attack leverages a large number of machines, often distributed across various locations around the world. These machines, typically the compromised devices of unknowing victims, flood the target with traffic simultaneously, making it much harder to defend against. The distributed nature of a DDoS attack makes it significantly more powerful and difficult to stop, as traffic comes from numerous sources, often with varying IP addresses.
Botnets
A botnet is a network of compromised computers or devices, often referred to as "zombies," that are controlled remotely by an attacker. These compromised devices are typically infected with malware, allowing the attacker to send commands to the entire network without the owners' knowledge. Botnets are crucial to the execution of DDoS attacks because they can be used to generate the massive amount of traffic required to overwhelm the target's resources.
Botnets are often formed by exploiting vulnerabilities in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which may include anything from webcams to home routers. These devices are particularly susceptible because they often have weak security features, making them easy targets for attackers.
DDoS as a Service
DDoS as a Service (DDoSaaS) is a business model where cybercriminals offer DDoS attacks as a paid service, making it accessible even to those with little technical expertise. These services are often advertised on dark web forums, where attackers can specify the target, duration, and intensity of the attack they wish to launch. Prices for these services vary depending on the scale of the attack, with some starting as low as a few dollars.
The rise of DDoSaaS has significantly lowered the barrier to entry for launching DDoS attacks. This has led to an increase in the frequency and diversity of attacks, as even unskilled individuals can now launch highly effective DDoS attacks. The availability of these services has made DDoS attacks a more prevalent threat.
DDoS Extortion (RDoS) and Advanced Persistent DoS (APDoS)
Two newer forms of DDoS attacks are DDoS extortion and advanced persistent DoS:
- DDoS extortion, also known as ransom DDoS (RDoS), involves attackers threatening to launch or continue a DDoS attack unless a ransom is paid. This tactic often targets organizations that rely heavily on their online presence, as even a brief disruption can lead to significant financial losses. Attackers usually demand payment in cryptocurrencies, making the transactions difficult to trace. Victims are often given a short deadline to comply before the attack escalates.
- Advanced Persistent DoS (APDoS) is a more sophisticated and sustained form of DDoS attack. Unlike traditional DDoS attacks that may last for a few hours or days, APDoS attacks are prolonged, sometimes stretching over weeks or even months. The attackers continuously change their tactics, making it challenging for the target to defend against the assault. This type of attack often involves multiple attack vectors, including application-layer attacks, volumetric attacks, and protocol attacks. The persistence and adaptability of APDoS can exhaust an organization's resources, making it difficult to maintain normal operations.
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks aren't launched in a vacuum. Perpetrators are driven by a range of motivations, transforming this tactic from a nuisance to a strategic tool. Understanding these motives is crucial for effective defense.
Ideological and Social Causes: Hacktivists, activists, and individuals with strong convictions may launch DDoS attacks to disrupt operations, raise awareness, or silence opposing voices. This can target government agencies, corporations, or organizations perceived as violating ethical principles or societal norms.
Malicious Competition: In the realm of business, DDoS attacks can be used by competitors to disrupt a rival's online presence and gain an unfair advantage. By overwhelming a competitor's servers, they aim to hinder their ability to serve customers and potentially damage their reputation.
Financial Gain: DDoS attacks can be wielded as an extortion tool. Attackers may cripple an organization's online services and demand a ransom in exchange for restoring normalcy. This tactic often preys on businesses heavily reliant on online operations, forcing them into difficult choices.
Purely Destructive Acts: In some cases, DDoS attacks might be motivated by a desire for chaos or disruption. Perpetrators may find amusement in exploiting vulnerabilities and causing havoc, regardless of the specific target or desired outcome.
Personal Grudges and Vendetta: DDoS attacks can be fueled by personal vendettas or disgruntled individuals seeking revenge against an organization or individual. This can manifest in attempts to disrupt online operations, damage reputation, or simply cause inconvenience.
By recognizing the diverse motivations behind DDoS attacks, organizations and individuals can develop more comprehensive and nuanced defense strategies. This may involve strengthening security protocols, implementing proactive mitigation measures, and staying informed about emerging threats and attack trends.
The best way to detect and identify a DDoS attack is via network traffic monitoring and analysis. Ce dernier peut être surveillé via un pare-feu ou un système de détection des intrusions. An administrator may even set up rules that create an alert upon the detection of an anomalous traffic load and identify the source of the traffic, or drops network packets that meet certain criteria.
The following symptoms could indicate a DoS or DDoS attack:
- Performance réseau inhabituellement lente
- Indisponibilité d'un service réseau et/ou site Web particulier
- Impossibilité d'accéder à un site Web
- Une adresse IP émet une quantité inhabituellement grande de requêtes durant une période limitée
- Server responds with a 503-error due to a service outage
- L'analyse des journaux révèle un fort pic de trafic réseau
- Tendances de trafic inhabituelles, comme des pics à des heures atypiques de la journée ou des tendances qui semblent sortir de l'ordinaire
Note: Symptoms of a DoS attack often resemble non-malicious availability issues, such as technical problems with a particular network or a system administrator performing maintenance.
Growth and diversity of attacks
According to Radware’s 2024 Global Threat Analysis Report, DDoS attacks are evolving, with hackers adapting their strategies to counteract mitigation techniques:
- In 2023, the number of DDoS attacks per customer grew by 94% compared to 2022, after the previous year’s growth of 99%.
- Attack volume increased 48% in 2023 compared to 2022. In 2023, we observed 63% more attacks with traffic below 1Gbps, 177% more attacks peaking between 100Gbps and 250Gbps, and an increase of 150% in large attacks peaking above 500Gbps.
- The number of attacks per customer has grown from 106 attacks per month or 3.48 attacks per day in 2021 to an average of 49 attacks per day in 2023.
- The Americas were targeted by almost half of all global DDoS attacks. The EMEA region, accounting for 39% of the DDoS attacks, had to mitigate 65% of the global DDoS attack volume. The APAC region accounted for almost 12% of global DDoS attacks.
Figure 2: Increase in DDoS Attacks on Organizations in 2023
Cost of DDoS attacks
According to Radware’s 2023 report Application Security in a Multi-Cloud World:
- 31% of organizations face DDoS attacks weekly.
- Downtime due to a successful application DDoS attack costs organizations an average of $6,130 per minute. For instance, if an attack lasts for an hour, the cost could potentially escalate to over $367,800.
Future trends and predictions
Here are some of the most important trends affecting DDoS attacks, according to Radware’s 2023 DDoS Report:
- Emergence of “Mega-Attacks”: The growing number of connected devices, the widespread adoption of IPv6, and the increasing availability of powerful botnets could facilitate the launch of larger and more complex attacks with the potential to cripple critical infrastructure and online services.
- Machine Learning (ML): ML algorithms offer real-time identification and mitigation of malicious traffic, adapting to novel attack patterns. For instance, Radware’s DefensePro leverages ML-powered anomaly detection for proactive attack mitigation.
- Targeted Attacks on Critical Infrastructure: Critical infrastructure, such as power grids, financial institutions, and healthcare providers, may become more susceptible to targeted DDoS attacks aimed at causing widespread disruption and potentially jeopardizing public safety.
- Ransomware Attacks: DDoS attacks can be used to disrupt operations and pressure organizations into paying ransom demands.
- AI-powered Attacks: Attackers may leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to automate and personalize attacks, making them more challenging to detect and mitigate. AI could be used to identify and exploit vulnerabilities in an organization’s defenses, Launch coordinated attacks that adapt to ongoing mitigation efforts, and generate highly targeted phishing and social engineering attacks.
- Increased Geopolitical Implications: In a world rife with geopolitical tensions, DDoS attacks may be used as tools of cyberwarfare, aimed at disrupting rival nations’ infrastructure, or influencing public opinion.
The Main Types of DDoS Attacks
Application Layer (Layer-7) DDoS Attacks
Application Layer DDoS attacks specifically target the application layer of networked services.
Unlike traditional network-based attacks that flood network resources, these attacks exploit vulnerabilities in
application protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, and VOIP. Their goal is to exhaust the resources of the targeted
application, rendering it inaccessible or unresponsive to legitimate users.
Application Layer DDoS attacks exhibit diverse characteristics:
HTTP Floods: Attackers flood web
servers with a massive number of HTTP requests. These requests overload the server’s processing capacity,
leading to service disruption.
HTTPS Attacks: Similar to HTTP floods, but with encrypted traffic. Attackers exploit SSL/TLS
handshakes, consuming server resources during connection setup.
SMTP and Email Attacks: By bombarding email servers with excessive requests, attackers disrupt
email communication and overload mail servers.
FTP Attacks: Attackers overwhelm File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers, hindering file transfers
and access.
VOIP Attacks: Targeting Voice over IP (VOIP) services, these attacks flood SIP (Session
Initiation Protocol) servers, causing call drops and service degradation.
Application Layer DDoS attacks come in various flavors:
“Low and Slow” Attacks: These are more subtle. Attackers send requests at a slow
pace, avoiding detection thresholds. For example:
- Slowloris:
Opens multiple connections to a web server and sends partial HTTP requests, keeping connections open
indefinitely.
- R-U-Dead-Yet (RUDY): Sends slow POST requests to exhaust server resources.
Flood Attacks: High-volume requests flood the application, saturating its resources. These can
be HTTP floods, HTTPS floods, or other protocol-specific floods.
Figure 3: How a Layer-7 Application DDoS Attack
What is a Layer 7 DDoS Attack? | A Radware Minute
Attaques volumétriques ou basées sur le volume
Volumetric DDoS attacks have been a persistent threat in the cybersecurity landscape. These attacks aim to
overwhelm a network’s bandwidth, causing disruptions in availability and accessibility. The evolution
of these attacks has been influenced by various geopolitical events and advancements in technology, including the
advent of Reflection/Amplification attacks.
Volumetric DDoS attacks are characterized by several key features:
High Traffic Volume: These attacks generate an enormous amount of traffic, saturating the
bandwidth of the targeted network.
IP Spoofing: Attackers often use IP spoofing to mask the source of the attack traffic, making it
difficult to block and trace back.
Use of Botnets: Attackers often leverage botnets - networks of compromised devices - to generate
the massive traffic volume required for these attacks.
Protocol Exploitation: Common network protocols such as NTP, DNS, and SSDP are exploited to
amplify the attack traffic.
Reflection/Amplification Attacks: In these attacks, the attacker spoofs the victim’s IP
address and sends a request to a third-party server that will send a large response. This amplifies the amount of
traffic directed at the victim, overwhelming their resources.
Figure 4: How a Volumetric DDoS Attack Works
Attaques par DDoS tsunami Web
Web DDoS tsunami attacks represent a new
breed of cyber threat that emerged during the heightened era of hacktivist activity triggered by Russia’s
invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Initially, these attacks began as high-volume network-based Flood attacks.
However, they swiftly evolved into more sophisticated multi-vector application-level assaults that pose significant
challenges for detection and mitigation.
These attacks are characterized by several key features:
High Request Volume: Web DDoS Tsunami attacks generate an exceptionally high number of requests
per second (RPS), overwhelming targeted servers and infrastructure.
Encryption: Attack traffic is often encrypted, making it difficult to discern malicious requests
from legitimate ones.
Application-Level Attack Methods: These include HTTPS Get, Push, and Post request attacks with
dynamic parameters behind proxies. Each request appears innocuous, making timely detection challenging.
Sophisticated Evasion Techniques:
- Randomized Headers: Attackers manipulate HTTP methods, headers, and cookies,
making their requests appear legitimate.
- IP Spoofing: They spoof IP addresses, complicating attribution and filtering.
- Impersonation of Third-Party Services: Attackers mimic popular embedded
third-party services, further camouflaging their intent.
Continuous Morphing: Web DDoS Tsunami attacks continuously evolve, altering their patterns and
characteristics. This dynamic behavior prolongs the attack duration and exacerbates downtime.
Mitigation Challenges
- Resource Exhaustion: These attacks drain server memory, CPU, and bandwidth.
- Service Disruption: Critical services like web apps, email, and VOIP become unusable.
- Mitigation Complexity: Require specialized defenses that inspect application-level traffic.
- Complex Attribution: Spoofed IP addresses and botnets make identifying the true source of these attacks challenging.
The following case studies highlight the potential scale and impact of DDoS attacks, demonstrating the importance of
effective mitigation strategies and the need for ongoing vigilance in the face of evolving threats.
Attack on LCK Spring 2024 (February 2024): Recent matches in the LCK Spring 2024 season faced
disruptions caused by persistent ping issues attributed to DDoS attacks. These disruptions led to prolonged
technical pauses, impacting players and fans, both online and on-site.
Attack on AWS (February 2020): Amazon Web Services (AWS) reported mitigating a massive DDoS
attack that saw incoming traffic at a rate of 2.3 terabits per second (Tbps). The attackers responsible used
hijacked Connection-less Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (CLDAP) web servers. AWS did not disclose which
customer was targeted by the attack.
Attack on Google (September 2017): This attack is considered the largest DDoS attack to date,
reaching a size of 2.54 Tbps. The attackers sent spoofed packets to 180,000 web servers, which in turn sent
responses to Google. This was not an isolated incident as the attackers had directed multiple DDoS attacks at
Google’s infrastructure over the previous six months.
Attack on Occupy Central, Hong Kong (2014): This attack targeted the Occupy Central movement in
Hong Kong. The movement’s websites were hit with a massive DDoS attack, disrupting their online presence and
communication.
Attack on Overwatch 2 (February 2024): The popular online multiplayer game Overwatch 2 was hit
with a major DDoS attack. The attack caused major issues for players, disrupting gameplay and causing widespread
frustration.
Attack on GitHub (February 2018): This attack reached 1.3 Tbps, sending packets at a rate of
126.9 million per second. The GitHub attack was a memcached DDoS attack, so there were no botnets involved.
Instead, the attackers leveraged the amplification effect of a popular database caching system known as memcached.
By flooding memcached servers with spoofed requests, the attackers were able to amplify their attack by a
magnitude of about 50,000 times.
Attack on Dyn (October 2016): This massive DDoS attack was directed at Dyn, a major DNS
provider. The attack created disruption for many major sites, including Airbnb, Netflix, PayPal, Visa, Amazon, The
New York Times, Reddit, and GitHub. This was done using malware called Mirai, which creates a botnet out of
compromised Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as cameras, smart TVs, radios, printers, and even baby monitors.
Les capacités suivantes sont capitales pour prévenir les attaques par DDoS :
Traffic Differentiation
Traffic differentiation allows organizations to distinguish between legitimate user traffic and malicious traffic generated by attackers. This involves analyzing traffic patterns, such as IP addresses, geographic origins, and behavior over time, to identify anomalies. Advanced DDoS mitigation tools use machine learning and real-time analytics to improve the accuracy of traffic differentiation, reducing the likelihood of false positives that could block genuine users.
Firewalls and Web Application Firewalls (WAF)
Traditional firewalls monitor and filter incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined security rules, helping to block malicious traffic at the network level. WAFs are specifically designed to protect web applications by filtering and monitoring HTTP requests. They can block malicious traffic targeting application vulnerabilities, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting (XSS), and are particularly effective against application-layer DDoS attacks.
Cloud, On-Premises, and Hybrid Deployment
La flexibilité des modèles de déploiement est capitale afin de permettre aux entreprises d'adapter le service d'atténuation des attaques par DDoS en fonction de ses besoins, de son budget, de sa topologie de réseau et du profil de menace. The appropriate deployment model-hybrid, on-demand or always-on cloud protection-will vary based on network topology, application hosting environments and sensitivity to delays and latency.
Capacité de filtrage et réseau mondial
DDoS attacks are increasing in quantity, severity, complexity, and persistence. Face à de grandes attaques simultanées, les services DDoS cloud doivent fournir un réseau de sécurité mondial et robuste capable d'offrir plusieurs Tbps de capacité d'atténuation dédiés aux centres de filtrage qui séparent le trafic légitime du trafic de l'attaque par DDoS.
Fully Automated Protection
Face aux attaques DDoS modernes dynamiques et automatisées, les entreprises ne souhaitent pas se fier à la protection manuelle. A service that does not require any customer intervention with a fully automated attack lifecycle-data collection, attack detection, traffic diversion and attack mitigation-ensures better quality protection.
Protection basée sur le comportement
Il est essentiel d'adopter une solution d'atténuation DDoS qui bloque les attaques sans affecter le trafic légitime. Les solutions qui exploitent l'apprentissage automatique et les algorithmes basés sur le comportement pour comprendre ce qui constitue un comportement légitime et bloquer les attaques malveillantes sont essentielles. Cela augmente la précision de la protection et réduit les faux positifs.
Protection Against All Attack Vectors
Comprehensive DDoS protection requires defenses that cover all potential attack vectors, including volumetric attacks, protocol attacks, and application-layer attacks. A robust DDoS mitigation solution should integrate multiple technologies, such as traffic analysis, anomaly detection, scrubbing services, and behavioral protection, to provide a layered defense. This approach ensures that regardless of the attack type or method, the defense mechanisms are able to neutralize the threat without impacting legitimate traffic.
CDN-Based Protection
Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) play a vital role in mitigating DDoS attacks by distributing content across multiple servers worldwide. When a DDoS attack occurs, the CDN can absorb and diffuse the traffic across its global network, preventing the attack from overwhelming a single server. Additionally, CDNs often include built-in security features that can detect and mitigate DDoS traffic.
Here are five steps to follow when your organization detects a DDoS attack.
Étape 1 : avertir les parties importantes
Avertissez les parties importantes au sein de l'entreprise au sujet de l'attaque et des mesures entreprises pour lutter contre cette dernière. Les parties importantes peuvent inclure le directeur de la sécurité des systèmes informatiques, le centre des opérations de sécurité, le directeur informatique, les responsables des opérations, les responsables commerciaux des services touchés, etc. Envoyez des messages concis et informatifs.
Les informations clés doivent inclure :
- What is occurring
- Le lieu où l'attaque a commencé
- Les étapes entreprises pour lutter contre l'attaque
- L'impact pour les utilisateurs et les clients
- Les actifs (applications, services, serveurs, etc.) affectés
Étape 2 : avertir votre fournisseur de sécurité
Il convient également d'avertir votre fournisseur de sécurité afin qu'il prenne des mesures visant à participer à la lutte contre l'attaque. Votre fournisseur de sécurité peut être votre fournisseur Internet, votre hébergeur Web ou un service de sécurité dédié. Chaque type de fournisseur offre des capacités et services différents. Votre fournisseur Internet peut vous aider à minimiser la quantité de trafic malveillant sur votre réseau, tandis que votre hébergeur Web peut être capable de limiter l'impact sur votre application et d'adapter la capacité de votre service.
Les services de sécurité disposent généralement d'outils spécifiques pour lutter contre les attaques par DDoS. Même si vous n'avez pas encore conclu d'accord de service prédéfini ou si vous n'avez pas encore souscrit à leur offre de protection contre les attaques par DDoS, n'hésitez pas à les contacter afin de découvrir ce qu'ils peuvent faire pour vous.
Étape 3 : activer les contre-mesures
If you already have anti-DDoS countermeasures in place, activate them. Idéalement, ces contre-mesures s'activent immédiatement dès la détection d'une attaque. However, in some cases, certain tools, such as out-of-path hardware devices or manually activated, on-demand mitigation services, might require the customer to initiate them manually.
One approach is to implement IP-based access Control lists (ACLs) to block all traffic coming from attack sources. Cette opération s'effectue au niveau du routeur réseau et peut généralement être exécutée par votre équipe réseau ou votre fournisseur d'accès Internet. Cette approche est efficace lorsque l'attaque provient d'une seule source ou d'un nombre réduit de sources d'attaque. Cependant, si l'attaque est lancée par un vaste groupe d'adresses IP, cette approche peut s'avérer inutile.
Si l'attaque cible une application ou un service Web, il est possible de limiter le nombre de connexions simultanées à l'application. Cette technique de limitation du débit est souvent l'approche adoptée par les hébergeurs Web et les réseaux de diffusion de contenu. Veuillez noter que cette méthode est susceptible de générer un nombre élevé de faux positifs car elle ne parvient pas à faire la distinction entre le trafic malveillant et les utilisateurs légitimes. Les outils de protection spécifiques aux attaques DDoS offrent la meilleure défense contre ce type d'attaque. Les mesures de protection DDoS peuvent être déployées en tant que dispositif au sein de votre centre de données, comme service de filtrage cloud ou comme solution hybride alliant matériel physique et service cloud.
Étape 4 : surveiller le développement de l'attaque
Durant l'attaque, surveillez l'avancement et le développement de l'offensive. Ces opérations doivent comprendre :
- De quel type d'attaque par DDoS s'agit-il ? Êtes-vous confronté à une attaque flood au niveau du réseau ou de l'application ?
- L'attaque provient-elle d'une seule adresse IP ou de plusieurs sources ? Êtes-vous en mesure de les identifier ?
- L'attaque vise-t-elle les mêmes cibles ou est-ce que les cibles changent au fil du temps ?
- Quelles sont les caractéristiques de l'attaque ? Quelle est l'ampleur de l'attaque, en termes de bits par seconde et de paquets par seconde ?
- À quoi ressemble le modèle de l'attaque ? S'agit-il d'une attaque continue ou en rafale ? Does it involve a single protocol, or does it involve multiple attack vectors?
Suivre le développement de l'attaque vous aidera également à adapter vos défenses.
Étape 5 : évaluer la performance des défenses
Enfin, au fil du développement de l'attaque et de l'activation des contre-mesures, évaluez leur efficacité. Votre fournisseur de sécurité doit proposer un document d'entente de niveau de service qui engage ses obligations en matière de services. Vérifiez qu'il respecte l'entente et que vos opérations sont affectées par les mesures. Si le fournisseur n'agit pas ou n'est pas capable de mettre fin à l'attaque, il convient de vous demander s'il est temps de changer de service d'urgence.
Legal Considerations
DDoS attacks are considered illegal in most countries and can lead to severe penalties.
Criminal Charges: DDoS attacks are illegal, and the attacker may face criminal charges. For
instance, under the Computer Misuse Act 1990 in the UK, individuals involved in DDoS attacks face up to 10 years
in prison. In the United States, individuals participating in DDoS attacks risk being charged with legal offenses
at the federal level, both criminally and civilly.
Liability: If a DDoS attack causes harm to an individual or a business, the attacker can be held
liable for the damages.
Violation of Terms of Service: DDoS attacks violate the terms of service of most internet
service providers and websites.
Ethical Considerations
While DDoS attacks are generally viewed as malicious activities, some argue that they can serve a noble purpose by taking down harmful websites. However, this perspective is fraught with moral dilemmas and potential legal battles.
Potential for Abuse: Despite these arguments, DDoS attacks have the potential to be abused and
can cause significant harm. They can disrupt services, cause financial loss, and infringe on people’s rights
to access information. Therefore, even if they are used with good intentions, DDoS attacks can have negative
consequences.
Civil Disobedience: Some proponents of DDoS attacks argue that they can be seen as a form of
civil disobedience or online protest. In this view, DDoS attacks are akin to sit-ins or other forms of peaceful
protest, used to draw attention to an issue or cause.
Ethical Hacking: Ethical hacking, also known as “white hat” hacking, involves using
hacking skills to identify and fix vulnerabilities in systems. Ethical hackers can play a crucial role in
preventing DDoS attacks by identifying potential weaknesses that could be exploited and helping organizations
strengthen their defenses.
In conclusion, while DDoS attacks are generally considered
illegal and unethical, there are complex legal and ethical issues surrounding their use. It’s crucial for
individuals and organizations to understand these aspects and navigate them carefully.
See Additional Guides on Key Hacking Topics
Together with our content partners, we have authored in-depth guides on several other topics that can also be useful as you explore the world of hacking.
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Authored by Bright Security